An hour before New Year’s Day, at 11pm on 31 December 2020, the UK completed its formal departure from the European Union (EU). It was an unceremonious conclusion to the four-and-a-half-year saga since the referendum. Nevertheless, a new era has now begun – with new freedoms and new bureaucracies. On Christmas Eve, the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) was agreed. Together with 2019’s Withdrawal Agreement, these two treaties now govern the UK’s future trading relationship with its largest, and nearest, neighbour – worth around £670bn in 2019.
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